Pumps

  • Looking to take your short path system to the next level? A diffusion pump will provide deeper vacuum and lower temps resulting in higher efficiency and increased speed. Package comes with an Edwards 30 roughing pump, the adapters to connect the diffusion, chiller to control temperatures and custom built and tuned SVG-3 setup with UHVP Sensor. LIMITED SUPPLY Setups do vary, please call for pricing.  
  • $16,710.00

    Rebuilt Edwards E2M80 + Blower (mechanical booster) All air cooled dual stage Rotary Vane Pump, 208 V, 50 Hz/208-230 V, 60 Hz/460 V, 60 Hz, Three Phase with KF-40 inlet to blower. Edwards E2M series two stage oil sealed rotary vane vacuum pumps are renowned for their high ultimate vacuum, rapid pumping speeds, quiet operation and ability to handle water vapor. These direct drive rotary vane pumps are inherently compact and vibration free. Blowers add a dimension of vacuum that tops most dual pump options. Mechanical boosters feature the unique hydro-kinetic drive that provides pump down times cut by 50%, when compared with direct drive pumps, no bypass lines or pressure switches required, universal voltage motors, reduced capital and operating costs, air cooled motors – with water cooled options, and quiet, minimum vibration. Operating at relatively low pressures, the mechanical booster pump is not exposed to the same concentrations of corrosive process media as is the backing pump, which makes it highly reliable. Comes with Pump, Blower, MF100 filter and I 19 Standard fluid.   To purchase, please contact Summit Research at 831-226-2948 or by eMail. Items ship 1-3 days after orders have been processed unless otherwise specified. Price does not include shipping and will be included in your final estimate before processing.
  • $3,400.00

    Simple yet powerful, the GVS40A uses displacement and horsepower to achieve CFM. Unlike many other types of pumps that require complex fore traps, cryotraps, etc. – a well maintained single stage rotary vane can withstand great amounts abuse; making them very affordable and usable without much worry. Also know as 'roughing', 'wet' or 'backing' pumps. The GVS40A rotary vane pump is required for any sized hard-piped system and can be very useful on hosed systems as well.
    • Inlet: KF25
    • Exhaust: 1 1/4" female threaded (ID)
    • Motor: 1 Phase, 180/264V, 50/60Hz
    • Oil: synthetic hydrocarbon
    • Pumping speed: 31 CFM (60Hz)
    • Ultimate pressure: 0.4 Torr
      To purchase, please contact Summit Research at 831-226-2948 or by eMail. Items ship 1-3 days after orders have been processed unless otherwise specified. Price does not include shipping and will be included in your final estimate before processing.
  • $2,800.00

    The Sogevac single stage rotary vane pumps are required for any sized hardpiped system and can be very useful on hosed systems as well.
    • Inlet: KF40
    • Motor: 1 Phase, 180/264V, 50/60Hz, 1.5kW, 12A
    • Oil: synthetic hydrocarbon
    • Pumping speed: 31 CFM (60Hz)
    • Ultimate pressure: 0.5 mbar
    • Compact design and small footprint
    • Very low and constant noise level in any working condition
    • Simplified maintenance
    All lubrication circuits as well as the gas ballast system have been integrated into the pumps’ major components allowing limited sealings and a reduced number of parts. As a result, improved product reliability and durability is gained with prolonged maintenance intervals. To purchase, please contact Summit Research at 831-226-2948 or by eMail. Items ship 1-3 days after orders have been processed unless otherwise specified. Price does not include shipping and will be included in your final estimate before processing.
  • $10,600.00

    The dry screw pump VACUU·PURE® 10C reliably delivers the benefits of oil-free vacuum technology in the pressure range of 10-3 mbar. The new vacuum pump combines three important benefits for the user: 100% oil-free, chemically resistant, and no wear parts. VACUU·PURE 10C is ideally suited for clean processes and the production of pure products. The screw pump is especially designed for processes in the vacuum range down to 10-3 mbar, however unlike other fine vacuum technologies it can be used across the entire pressure range from atmospheric pressure to its ultimate vacuum. At the same time, aggressive gases and vapors can be pumped without any worries because of the high chemical resistance. The use of a cold trap is no longer necessary in the majority of applications. VACUU·PURE easily handles high vapor loads through its extraordinary condensate compatibility. Thanks to this capability, a gas ballast is unnecessary, avoiding associated disadvantages like the reduction in pumping speed and an increase in noise levels. The integrated regeneration mode enables rapid drying of the pump at the end of the process. This allows sample throughput to be increased significantly as compared to other pump technologies.
    Specification VACUU·PURE 10C
    Max. pumping speed 9 m3/h
    Ultimate vacuum (abs.) 5 x 10-3 mbar (at 1013 mbar ambient pressure)
    Max. inlet pressure (abs.) atmospheric pressure
    Max. outlet pressure (abs.) 15 mbar above atmospheric pressure
    Ambient temperature range (operation) 10 - 40 °C
    Ambient temperature range (storage) -10 - 60 °C
    Inlet connection KF 25 flange
    Outlet connection KF 25 flange
    Rated motor power 0.7 kW
    Protection class IP 20
    Dimensions (L x W x H), approx. 507 x 269 x 413 mm
    Weight, approx. 21.5 kg
    Noise (sound pressure level), uncertainty 3 dBA 55 dBA
    Items supplied Pump completely mounted, ready for use, connection with small flange KF DN 25 (2x centering and clamping rings included), with manual. To establish a hose nozzle connection, suitable KF flanges with hose nozzle are available for order.
    For more details or manual, visit VacuuBrand directly. To purchase, please contact Summit Research at 831-226-2948 or by eMail. Items ship 1-3 days after orders have been processed unless otherwise specified. Price does not include shipping and will be included in your final estimate before processing.
  • $6,500.00

    Diffusion pump 06A with high volume operation at UHVP rates. This 06A is the larger of the two diff pumps we sell, satisfies requirements for 12 liter short path setups and over. Liquid cooled pump well-suited for use in chemical manufacturing, where large quantities of gas have to be pumped away as quickly as possible. With no moving parts, these pumps are rugged and extremely reliable. Stainless steel is used for the pump bodies in order to minimize outgassing of the pumps, eliminate corrosion and to ensure a long operating lifetime of the pump. In short, diffusion pumps provide deeper vacuum and lower temps resulting in higher efficiency and increased speed. Comes with $900 dollars in flanges, connectors and diff oil. Comes stock with KF40 flanges but can always be sized (KF25, KF16, ECT).
    To purchase, please contact Summit Research at 831-226-2948 or by eMail. Items ship 1-3 days after orders have been processed unless otherwise specified. Price does not include shipping and will be included in your final estimate before processing.
  • $5,791.48

    Diffusion pump 04A with high volume operation at UHVP rates. This 04A is the smaller of the two diff pumps we sell, satisfies requirements for 12 liter short path setups and under. Liquid cooled pump well-suited for use in chemical manufacturing, where large quantities of gas have to be pumped away as quickly as possible. With no moving parts, these pumps are rugged and extremely reliable. Stainless steel is used for the pump bodies in order to minimize outgassing of the pumps, eliminate corrosion and to ensure a long operating lifetime of the pump. In short, diffusion pumps provide deeper vacuum and lower temps resulting in higher efficiency and increased speed. Comes with $900 dollars in flanges, connectors and diff oil. Comes stock with KF25 flanges but can always be sized (KF40, KF16, ECT).
    To purchase, please contact Summit Research at 831-226-2948 or by eMail. Items ship 1-3 days after orders have been processed unless otherwise specified. Price does not include shipping and will be included in your final estimate before processing.
  • $9,630.49

    Rebuilt Edwards E2M40 + Blower (mechanical booster) All air cooled dual stage Rotary Vane Pump, 208 V, 50 Hz/208-230 V, 60 Hz/460 V, 60 Hz, Three Phase with KF-40 inlet to blower. Edwards E2M series two stage oil sealed rotary vane vacuum pumps are renowned for their high ultimate vacuum, rapid pumping speeds, quiet operation and ability to handle water vapor. These direct drive rotary vane pumps are inherently compact and vibration free. Blowers add a dimension of vacuum that tops most dual pump options. Mechanical boosters feature the unique hydro-kinetic drive that provides pump down times cut by 50%, when compared with direct drive pumps, no bypass lines or pressure switches required, universal voltage motors, reduced capital and operating costs, air cooled motors – with water cooled options, and quiet, minimum vibration. Operating at relatively low pressures, the mechanical booster pump is not exposed to the same concentrations of corrosive process media as is the backing pump, which makes it highly reliable. Comes with Pump, Blower, MF100 filter and I 19 Standard fluid.   To purchase, please contact Summit Research at 831-226-2948 or by eMail. Items ship 1-3 days after orders have been processed unless otherwise specified. Price does not include shipping and will be included in your final estimate before processing.
  • The Discharge Pump allows you to remove fluid from your system without breaking vacuum. This would replace the need for receiving flasks. Controller box allows you to regulate heat and speed at the touch of a finger. You will need to elevate/modify your current short path system to utilize this pump. Instagram Demo instagram logo Included:
    • Discharge Pump
    • Pump Controller
    Unit comes with your choice of #29 250ml glass Squib Flask and stainless #29 1/4 BSPP adapter OR stainless #45 1/4 BSPP adapter for a cold trap. (BSPP's last picture for reference) Collection vessel not included
  • $14,095.00

    Specifications
    • Type of Product: Scroll Pump
    • Manufacturer: Edwards
    • Condition: New
    • Part Number: A73001983
    • Inlet: KF40
    • Exhaust: KF25
    • Motor: 1 Phase, 100-120/200-230V, 50/60Hz
    • Pumping speed: 21 CFM
    • Ultimate vacuum: 8 x 10-3 Torr
    • Weight: 105 lbs
    Features and Benefits
    • closed loop temperature monitoring
    • dry, clean vacuum free of lubricants
    • simple, single-sided scroll design
    • patented isolated bearing shield
    • world-wide voltage compatibility
    • low power consumption
    • controllable gas ballast
    • inverter driven motor
    Shipping not included To purchase, please contact Summit Research at 831-226-2948 or by eMail. Items ship 1-3 days after orders have been processed unless otherwise specified. Price does not include shipping and will be included in your final estimate before processing.
  • $7,117.00

    Specifications
    • Manufacturer: Agilent
    • Condition: New
    • Part Number: IDP3B01
    • Inlet: KF25
    • Exhaust: KF16
    • Motor: 1 Phase, 100-115/220-230V, 50/60Hz
    • Pumping speed: 7.53 CFM (50Hz), 9.06 CFM (60Hz)
    • Ultimate pressure: 1 x 10-2 Torr
    • Weight: 75 lbs
    Features and Benefits
    • Low noise and vibration.
    • Oil-free and contamination-free.
    • High pumping speed provides rapid pump down and high gas throughput.
    • Very low base pressure ensures optimal turbo pump performance with increased system reliability.
    • IDP Pumps fully isolate the bearings and motor from the vacuum space and contain all pumped gases.
    • Scroll pump technology’s long service interval results in low cost of ownership.
    • Easy to integrate: minimal burden on system utilities& suitable for use inside cabinet enclosures.
    • IDP Pumps are lighter than mechanical rotary vane and membrane pumps of similar pumping speed.
    Shipping not included To purchase, please contact Summit Research at 831-226-2948 or by eMail. Items ship 1-3 days after orders have been processed unless otherwise specified. Price does not include shipping and will be included in your final estimate before processing.
  • $5,490.00

    Specifications
    • Manufacturer: Agilent
    • Condition: New
    • Part Number: IDP3B01
    • Inlet: KF25
    • Exhaust: KF16
    • Motor: 1 Phase, 100-120/200-240V, 50/60Hz
    Features and Benefits
    • Low noise and vibration.
    • Oil-free and contamination-free.
    • High pumping speed provides rapid pump down and high gas throughput.
    • Very low base pressure ensures optimal turbo pump performance with increased system reliability.
    • IDP Pumps fully isolate the bearings and motor from the vacuum space and contain all pumped gases.
    • Scroll pump technology’s long service interval results in low cost of ownership.
    • Easy to integrate: minimal burden on system utilities& suitable for use inside cabinet enclosures.
    • IDP Pumps are lighter than mechanical rotary vane and membrane pumps of similar pumping speed.
    Shipping not included To purchase, please contact Summit Research at 831-226-2948 or by eMail. Items ship 1-3 days after orders have been processed unless otherwise specified. Price does not include shipping and will be included in your final estimate before processing.
  • $5,164.00

    Specifications
    • Manufacturer: Agilent
    • Condition: New
    • Part Number: IDP3B01
    • Inlet: KF25
    • Exhaust: KF16
    • Motor: 1 Phase, 100-120/200-240V, 50/60Hz
    • Pumping speed: 4.23 CFM (50Hz), 5.35 CFM (60Hz)
    • Ultimate pressure: 3 x 10-2 Torr (50Hz), 2 x 10-2 Torr (60Hz)
    • Weight: 54 lbs
    Features and Benefits
    • Low noise and vibration.
    • Oil-free and contamination-free.
    • High pumping speed provides rapid pump down and high gas throughput.
    • Very low base pressure ensures optimal turbo pump performance with increased system reliability.
    • IDP Pumps fully isolate the bearings and motor from the vacuum space and contain all pumped gases.
    • Scroll pump technology’s long service interval results in low cost of ownership.
    • Easy to integrate: minimal burden on system utilities& suitable for use inside cabinet enclosures.
    • IDP Pumps are lighter than mechanical rotary vane and membrane pumps of similar pumping speed.
    Shipping not included To purchase, please contact Summit Research at 831-226-2948 or by eMail. Items ship 1-3 days after orders have been processed unless otherwise specified. Price does not include shipping and will be included in your final estimate before processing.
  • $2,977.00

    Specifications
    • Manufacturer: Agilent
    • Condition: New
    • Part Number: IDP3B01
    • Inlet: KF16
    • Exhaust: 1/4" FNPT
    • Motor: 1 Phase, 115V, 60Hz
    • Pumping speed: 1.76 CFM (50Hz), 2.11 CFM (60Hz)
    • Ultimate pressure: 2.5 x 10-1 Torr
    • Weight: 21 lbs
    Features and Benefits
    • Low noise and vibration.
    • Oil-free and contamination-free.
    • High pumping speed provides rapid pump down and high gas throughput.
    • Very low base pressure ensures optimal turbo pump performance with increased system reliability.
    • IDP Pumps fully isolate the bearings and motor from the vacuum space and contain all pumped gases.
    • Scroll pump technology’s long service interval results in low cost of ownership.
    • Easy to integrate: minimal burden on system utilities& suitable for use inside cabinet enclosures.
    • At only 21 pounds (9.5 kg), IDP Pumps are lighter than mechanical rotary vane and membrane pumps of similar pumping speed.
    Shipping not included To purchase, please contact Summit Research at 831-226-2948 or by eMail. Items ship 1-3 days after orders have been processed unless otherwise specified. Price does not include shipping and will be included in your final estimate before processing.
  • $6,793.75

    Atlas Copco GVD28 1 Phase, 110-120/200-230V, 50/60Hz. Pump oil and EMF20 with accessories are included.
    • Type of product: Vane Pump
    • Condition: New
    • Inlet: KF25
    • Exhaust: Hose Nipple
    • Motor: 1 Phase, 110-120/200-230V, 50/60Hz
    • Oil: Hydrocarbon
    • Pumping speed: 23.3 CFM (60 Hz)
    • Ultimate vacuum: 7.7 x 10-4 Torr (without gas ballast)
    • Weight: 97 lbs
    To purchase, please contact Summit Research at 831-226-2948 or by eMail. Items ship 1-3 days after orders have been processed unless otherwise specified. Price does not include shipping and will be included in your final estimate before processing.
  • $7,275.00

    Edwards E2M28, 1 Phase, 115-240V, 50/60Hz vacuum pump. Pump oil and EMF20 with accessories are included.
    • Type of product: Vane Pump
    • Condition: New
    • Inlet: KF25
    • Exhaust: KF25
    • Motor: 1 Phase, 115-240V, 50/60Hz
    • Oil: Hydrocarbon
    • Pumping speed: 19.5 CFM (60Hz)
    • Ultimate pressure: 7.5 x 10-4 Torr (without gas ballast)
    • Weight: 97 lbs
    To purchase, please contact Summit Research at 831-226-2948 or by eMail. Items ship 1-3 days after orders have been processed unless otherwise specified. Price does not include shipping and will be included in your final estimate before processing.
  • $6,831.25

    Edwards E2M28, 1 Phase, 115-240V, 50/60Hz vacuum pump. Pump oil and EMF20 with accessories not included.
    • Type of product: Vane Pump
    • Condition: New
    • Inlet: KF25
    • Exhaust: KF25
    • Motor: 1 Phase, 115-240V, 50/60Hz
    • Oil: Hydrocarbon
    • Pumping speed: 19.5 CFM (60Hz)
    • Ultimate pressure: 7.5 x 10-4 Torr (without gas ballast)
    • Weight: 97 lbs
    To purchase, please contact Summit Research at 831-226-2948 or by eMail. Items ship 1-3 days after orders have been processed unless otherwise specified. Price does not include shipping and will be included in your final estimate before processing.
  • $4,685.00

    Atlas Copco GVD28 1 Phase, 110-120/200-230V, 50/60Hz. Pump oil and EMF20 with accessories not included.
    • Type of product: Vane Pump
    • Condition: New
    • Inlet: KF25
    • Exhaust: Hose Nipple
    • Motor: 1 Phase, 110-120/200-230V, 50/60Hz
    • Oil: Hydrocarbon
    • Pumping speed: 23.3 CFM (60 Hz)
    • Ultimate vacuum: 7.7 x 10-4 Torr (without gas ballast)
    • Weight: 97 lbs
    To purchase, please contact Summit Research at 831-226-2948 or by eMail. Items ship 1-3 days after orders have been processed unless otherwise specified. Price does not include shipping and will be included in your final estimate before processing.
  • Sale!

    Vacuubrand 4C Vario

    $3,999.99
    The Vacuubrand 4C Vario Diaphragm Pump is an excellent solution for labs working with most high boiling point solvents. This pump's three stage configuration gives it an ultimate vacuum rating of 1.5 mbar. The integrated vacuum controller (CVC-3000 included) provides an easy-to-use, application based interface that covers all common lab applications. The vacuum controller has you covered. Use manual set-point-control for simple processes, run fully automated distillations, or create your own application with simple drag-and-drop editing. For solvent evaporation, the vacuum controller continuously detects the boiling point and automatically adjusts the vacuum process as necessary. VARIO's on-demand motor speed control results in whisper-quiet operation and unparalleled length of service intervals for wear parts. Also available 12C Vario
  • $16,500.00

    These Vacuubrand VARIO® pumping units feature a very high pumping speed even close to the outstanding ultimate vacuum and are ideal for high vacuum requirements with most high boiling solvents. They provide precise vacuum control by continuously adjusting the pump´s motor speed. The controller provides fully automatic evaporations without any need for parameter input. The pump design offers exceptionally high chemical resistance supporting almost universal usage in chemistry and pharmaceutics. The NT VARIO pumping unit relies on a well-proven operating concept for evaporations with large amounts of solvents. The inlet separator (AK) retains particles and liquid droplets, the waste vapor condenser at the outlet (EK) is highly efficient and compact. The condenser enables near-100-percent solvent recovery, efficient recycling, and active protection of the environment. The NT VARIO can be equipped with these accessories later. The Vario 12c pump is an excellent solution for those who need high pumping speed and are working with high boiling point solvents. Combined with the reliability born of its chemical resistant fluoropolymer and perfluoroelastomer wetted materials, this pump delivers reliable performance for floor-standing rotary evaporators, vacuum drying ovens, vacuum distillation columns, and other similar applications. The integrated vacuum controller provides an easy-to-use, application based interface that covers all common lab applications. The vacuum controller has you covered. Use manual set-point-control for simple processes, run fully automated distillations, or create your own application with simple drag-and-drop editing. For solvent evaporation, the vacuum controller continuously detects the boiling point and automatically adjusts the vacuum process to maintain process control. With VARIO control, the pump runs only as fast is necessary. This extends the maintenance intervals and makes the pumping unit whisper quiet. Also available 4c Vario

    Performance features

    • Automatic adjustment of the vacuum level throughout the process for high process reproducibility and unattended operation
    • Short process times due to zero-fluctuation (hysteresis-free) vacuum control, even for large amounts of vapor
    • Removable CVC 3000 vacuum controller, can be arranged flexibly, easily operated with clear text menus
    • Extraordinary diaphragm life for minimum operational and servicing costs
    • PC 3012 NT VARIO: excellent environmental friendliness due to efficient solvent recovery, inlet separator for demanding applications
    To purchase, please contact Summit Research at 831-226-2948 or by eMail. Items ship 1-3 days after orders have been processed unless otherwise specified. Price does not include shipping and will be included in your final estimate before processing.
  • $12,525.00

    New ACP40 multi-stage pump

    • The New ACP40 multi-stage pump meets the requirements of applications where clean and dry vacuum is needed.
    • The frictionless pumping module is optimized to operate without internal lubricant and provides outstanding oil-free vacuum with no hydrocarbon vapor back streaming. Without any seals between rotor and stator no particles are generated.
    • The absence of wearing parts inside the pumping module allows for unsurpassed long-term stability and high reliability in even the most demanding applications.
    • The frequency converter driven motor provides constant rotational speed, thus stable pumping speed and consistent ultimate pressure are achieved all over the world.
    • Our ACP pumps require overhaul only every 22,000 hours of operation for the ACP 28/40 and 20,000 hours of operation for the ACP 15 resulting in low cost of ownership.
    • High flow gas ballast ports and drainable silencers allow the ACP to pump high amounts of condensable vapors (up to 1,000 g/h of pure water vapor).
    For entire detailed specifications, visit pfeiffer-vacuum.com for a PDF
    To purchase, please contact Summit Research at 831-226-2948 or by eMail. Items ship 1-3 days after orders have been processed unless otherwise specified. Price does not include shipping and will be included in your final estimate before processing.
  • $10,515.00

    New ACP28 multi-stage pump

    • The New ACP28 multi-stage pump meets the requirements of applications where clean and dry vacuum is needed.
    • The frictionless pumping module is optimized to operate without internal lubricant and provides outstanding oil-free vacuum with no hydrocarbon vapor back streaming. Without any seals between rotor and stator no particles are generated.
    • The absence of wearing parts inside the pumping module allows for unsurpassed long-term stability and high reliability in even the most demanding applications.
    • The frequency converter driven motor provides constant rotational speed, thus stable pumping speed and consistent ultimate pressure are achieved all over the world.
    • Our ACP pumps require overhaul only every 22,000 hours of operation for the ACP 28/40 and 20,000 hours of operation for the ACP 15 resulting in low cost of ownership.
    • High flow gas ballast ports and drainable silencers allow the ACP to pump high amounts of condensable vapors (up to 1,000 g/h of pure water vapor).
    For entire detailed specifications, visit pfeiffer-vacuum.com for a PDF
    To purchase, please contact Summit Research at 831-226-2948 or by eMail. Items ship 1-3 days after orders have been processed unless otherwise specified. Price does not include shipping and will be included in your final estimate before processing.
  • $8,275.00

    New ACP15 multi-stage pump

    • The New ACP15 multi-stage pump meets the requirements of applications where clean and dry vacuum is needed.
    • The frictionless pumping module is optimized to operate without internal lubricant and provides outstanding oil-free vacuum with no hydrocarbon vapor back streaming. Without any seals between rotor and stator no particles are generated.
    • The absence of wearing parts inside the pumping module allows for unsurpassed long-term stability and high reliability in even the most demanding applications.
    • The frequency converter driven motor provides constant rotational speed, thus stable pumping speed and consistent ultimate pressure are achieved all over the world.
    • Our ACP pumps require overhaul only every 22,000 hours of operation for the ACP 28/40 and 20,000 hours of operation for the ACP 15 resulting in low cost of ownership.
    • High flow gas ballast ports and drainable silencers allow the ACP to pump high amounts of condensable vapors (up to 1,000 g/h of pure water vapor).
    For entire detailed specifications, visit pfeiffer-vacuum.com for a PDF To purchase, please contact Summit Research at 831-226-2948 or by eMail. Items ship 1-3 days after orders have been processed unless otherwise specified. Price does not include shipping and will be included in your final estimate before processing.
  • Invoil 32 is a premium diffusion pump oil with a specially developed double-distilled diffusion pump fluid. This hydrocarbon is modified for high temperature use with a strong antioxidant. Its properties include increased resistance to decomposition and improved stability against oxidation.
    Specifications
    Vapor Pressure at 25ºC (torr) 5x10-6
    Boiling Point at .01 torr  (ºC) 127
    Viscosity at 40ºC (cSt) 58
    Viscosity at 100ºC (cSt) 8.5
    Pour Point (ºC) -10
    Flash Point (ºC) 241
    Fire Point (ºC) 271
    Density at 25ºC (g/ml) 0.86